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20| Tractate Berachot, Chapter 5
Tosefta 121 If they (i.e. the people eating) were brought [by the servants] a sweet relish2 together with [other] food, he makes the Beracha on the [other] food and exempts the sweet relish [from the requirement of saying Beracha over it]. |
מסכת ברכות פרק ה תוספתא יב בא להם מתיקה בתוך המזון מברך על המזון ופוטר את המתיקה. |
Notes:
| Tractate Berachot, Chapter 5
Tosefta 131 Rebbi Muna says in the name of Rebbi Yehudah, “Stuffed pastry2 [that was served] after the [main] meal, [but before Birkat Hamazon,] requires a Beracha before it and after it.”3 |
מסכת ברכות פרק ה תוספתא יג רבי מונא אומר משום רבי יהודה פת הבאה בכסנין אחר המזון טעונה ברכה לפניה ולאחריה. |
Notes:
| Tractate Berachot, Chapter 5
Tosefta 141 Washing [hands] before [the meal] (Mayim Rishonim) is optional.2 [Washing hands] after [the meal] (Mayim Acharonim) is obligatory.3 [When he washes] Mayim Rishonim, if he wants to interrupt [the water flow over his hands and pour the water over them the second time] he may do so. [However, when he washes] Mayim Acharonim, if he wants to interrupt [the water flow over his hands and pour the water over them the second time] he may not do so, [but rather he must pour the whole cup of water over the hands in one shot].4 |
מסכת ברכות פרק ה תוספתא יד מים ראשונים רשות. אחרונים חובה. מים ראשונים רצה להפסיק מפסיק. אחרונים רצה להפסיק אינו מפסיק. |
Notes:
There are different levels of ritual impurity. A human dead body is considered to be the highest level of impurity, called in Hebrew Avi Avot Hatumah. An object or a person that touches the dead body becomes ritually impure (Tameh) on one level below that, called Av Hatumah. Something that touches Av Hatumah becomes Tameh on one level below that, called Rishon Letumah (primary level of impurity). And something that touches Rishon Letumah becomes Sheni Letumah (secondary level of impurity). Ordinary objects that do not have any special holiness to them (called Chulin) cannot become Tameh on a lower level than Sheni Letumah. Also, by Torah law an object can never become Tameh on the same level or a level above it as the object that touched it. It always becomes Tameh on one level below the level of the object that touched it. This means that any object that is Sheni Letumah cannot make something else Tameh at all, since there is no lower level of impurity than Sheni Letumah. Besides Chulin there are various holy objects that have more levels of Tumah below the level of Sheni. For example, Terumah (a fruit or vegetable tithe given by a regular Jew (Yisrael) to a Cohen (a Priest)) has another level of Tumah called Shlishi Letumah (third level of impurity). Thus if an object that is Sheni touches Terumah, the Terumah will become Tameh on a level of Shlishi Letumah. Below that however, even Terumah does not become Tameh. Sacrifices have two additional levels beyond Terumah, known as Revii Letumah (4th level of impurity) and Chamishi Letumah (5th level of impurity). The way they become Tameh is in the same fashion as anything else. However the Rabbis made two special decrees regarding Tumah that were Rabbinical in nature since by Torah law Tumah does not behave itself in such a fashion. The first decree that they made was that a person’s hands as long as they are not washed with water are always Tameh on the level of Sheni Letumah by default, even if the person did not touch anything that was Tameh. The second decree that they made was that if something that was Sheni Letumah touches a liquid, the liquid will become impure on the level of Rishon Letumah (i.e. one level up).
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